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paper v0.9: round-15 final patch — the frozen submission candidate
Round-15 reconciliation: both reviewers ran the mandated rendered-PDF
gate (all 22 pages each, acts stated). They CONFLICTED on one checkable
fact: GPT found the transport figure's s label on the wrong node (the
computed [4,8) parent instead of the consumed [6,8) proof value); the
Fable reviewer certified 'dashed consumed s over [6,8)'. Adjudicated
against the tikz source: GPT RIGHT — my drawing contradicted its own
caption; Fable's script verified the instance's mathematics but misread
the label placement. Fixed (s -> p67 dashed; q47 -> plain computed
node) and CONFIRMED BY RE-RENDER.
GPT's second blocker also real and fixed: Definition 2(i) claimed
'unique accepted opening' (witness uniqueness) where Game PB proves
leaf-value binding — clause (i) now 'an authentic signed view and a
uniquely determined leaf value at its claimed position'; Appendix A row
aligned ('authentic opening with a position-bound leaf value').
Layout (all confirmed by rendered inspection): figure relocated after
the transport introduction (no longer floats between Theorem 4's
statement and proof); Lemma 4's full statement held together
(samepage); Appendix C given its own page — heading + scope warning +
complete code + Appendix D on p23 (clearpage; 22 -> 23 pages).
GPT optionals adopted: abstract 'one project-specific uninterpreted
SHA-256 boundary axiom'; adaptive-oracle sentence defining Q; corollary
overhead phrasing; PB-vs-mirror bridge sentence in the mapping
paragraph; 'bespoke bar' lead-in dropped; Table 1 ragged-right columns.
Declined with reasons recorded: Lemma-4 sub-case itemization and
renaming the composition theorem (both reviewers' optional-only notes;
churn risk at the frozen gate outweighs gain).
Gate status by the reviewers' own words: Fable round 15 'nothing
blocks' x3 with full evidence discipline; GPT 'after the two
correctness fixes and the three layout fixes ... nothing blocks
submission on correctness or readability grounds' — all five applied
and render-verified. 0 overfull, suite 115 green.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ showstringspaces=false,breaklines=true,xleftmargin=.5em,xrightmargin=.5em}
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\large A Transparency Model and the Lean Transparency Log}
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\author{Olaf Horvath\\
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\small Olaf.Horvath@zkdefi.org \quad ORCID 0009-0004-8008-5805}
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\date{July 2026 \quad (v0.8)}
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\date{July 2026 \quad (v0.9)}
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\begin{document}
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\maketitle
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@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ collision-extracting arguments for inclusion and consistency, lift them to
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scheme-level accountability games with a composition theorem, and evaluate a
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live deployment over four production Ed25519 codebases. The public log
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contains thirteen leaves; the thirteenth attests a Lean mechanization of the
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accumulator's own security arguments (61 human-reviewed certificates over a
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single uninterpreted SHA-256 axiom). The mechanization effort also exposed,
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accumulator's own security arguments (61 human-reviewed certificates with one
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project-specific uninterpreted SHA-256 boundary axiom). The mechanization effort also exposed,
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via differential testing, a nontrivial implementation boundary --- the
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deployed iterative consistency verifier is not extensionally equal to the
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recursive model on malformed size claims --- and the leaf records this
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@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ buy validity of the observation itself.
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\begin{table}[t]
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\centering\small
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\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{}lXXXX@{}}
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\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{}l>{\raggedright\arraybackslash}X>{\raggedright\arraybackslash}X>{\raggedright\arraybackslash}X>{\raggedright\arraybackslash}X@{}}
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\toprule
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Mechanism & Consumer cost & Semantic checker & History accountability & Main residual cost \\
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\midrule
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@ -297,8 +297,8 @@ does not consume an operator verdict as positive evidence.
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\begin{definition}[Accountable replay distribution]
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Fix an operator public key and a consumer that persists accepted signed heads.
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A replay-distribution scheme is \emph{accountable} if the following hold:
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(i) every accepted attestation has a unique accepted opening at its claimed
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position under an authentic signed view; (ii) a
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(i) every accepted attestation has an authentic signed view and a uniquely
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determined leaf value at its claimed position; (ii) a
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consumer accepts a later view only as the same view or a verified extension;
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(iii) two valid equal-size heads with unequal roots, in one log and protocol
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context, form transferable evidence
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@ -664,7 +664,8 @@ two other parties --- an outsider forging an ordinary head
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($\mathsf{HEAD}$), and a third party fabricating equivocation evidence
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($\mathsf{FORK}$); those games have a secret and a signing oracle, and their
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advantage is the probability, over key generation and the adversary's coins,
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of winning.
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of winning. The adversary may query the signing oracle adaptively on
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context-valid payloads; $Q$ denotes the set of exact queried payload bytes.
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\paragraph{The games at a glance.}
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\begin{center}\footnotesize
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@ -771,7 +772,7 @@ determined by their integer arguments, not by the adversary, so two
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computations at the same arguments traverse the same nodes and there are no
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mismatched stopping points.
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\begin{figure}[t]
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\begin{figure}[htbp]
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\centering
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\begin{tikzpicture}[
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every node/.style={font=\scriptsize},
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@ -786,9 +787,9 @@ mismatched stopping points.
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\node[nd,sb] (p01) at (0.475,0.95) {};
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\node[nd,sb] (p23) at (2.375,0.95) {};
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\node[fr] (p45) at (4.275,0.95) {$B$};
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\node[pn] (p67) at (6.175,0.95) {};
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\node[pn] (p67) at (6.175,0.95) {$s$};
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\node[fr] (q03) at (1.425,1.9) {$A$};
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\node[pn] (q47) at (5.225,1.9) {$s$};
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\node[nd] (q47) at (5.225,1.9) {};
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\node[nd] (rt) at (3.325,2.85) {$r_1$};
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\foreach \a/\b in {d0/p01,d1/p01,d2/p23,d3/p23,d4/p45,d5/p45,d6/p67,d7/p67,p01/q03,p23/q03,p45/q47,p67/q47,q03/rt,q47/rt}
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\draw (\a) -- (\b);
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@ -815,6 +816,8 @@ by $B$.}
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\label{fig:transport}
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\end{figure}
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\begin{samepage}
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\begin{lemma}[Prefix transport]\label{lem:transport}
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Suppose $m<n_0\le n_1$ and
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\[\mathsf{Ext}(n_0,r_0,n_1,r_1,C)=1, \qquad \mathsf{Open}(d,m,n_1,P,r_1)=1.\]
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@ -823,6 +826,7 @@ distinct byte strings with equal SHA-256 digests, or a path $P_0$ with
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$\mathsf{Open}(d,m,n_0,P_0,r_0)=1$, using at most the hash evaluations of
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replaying the two accepted transcripts.
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\end{lemma}
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\end{samepage}
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\begin{proof}
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If $n_0=n_1$ then $r_0=r_1$ and $P_0=P$. Otherwise
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$\ConsRec(n_0,n_1,C,\top,r_0)=(r_0,r_1)$, and we prove the following claim by
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@ -985,8 +989,9 @@ Theorems~\ref{thm:pb}--\ref{thm:fork}.
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\begin{corollary}[Constructive security consequence]\label{cor:security}
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For every explicitly given feasible adversary that wins $\mathsf{PB}$ or
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$\mathsf{HIST}$, the explicitly specified $\mathcal{B}_{\rm pb}$ and
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$\mathcal{B}_{\rm hist}$ constitute an explicitly given, equally feasible
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SHA-256 collision finder with the stated costs. For every explicitly given
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$\mathcal{B}_{\rm hist}$ constitute an explicitly given SHA-256 collision
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finder, feasible with the explicit overhead stated in
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Theorems~\ref{thm:pb} and~\ref{thm:hist}. For every explicitly given
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feasible $\mathsf{HEAD}$ or $\mathsf{FORK}$ adversary, the stated black-box
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reductions give an Ed25519 EUF-CMA forger with no loss in success
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probability, under correct initial acquisition of $pk$ and the fixed context.
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@ -1002,16 +1007,16 @@ Against Definition~2: clause (i) is delivered as head authenticity
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distinct leaf can also be opened at an accepted position. Whether a root
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moreover commits a complete published leaf list is a system property, not a
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game property: the log publishes its leaves, and a consumer holding the
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mirror checks membership against the actual list. Clause (ii) splits into a
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mirror checks membership against the actual list. In short,
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$\mathsf{PB}$ proves leaf-value binding; mirror recomputation proves
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equality to the published list. Clause (ii) splits into a
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syntactic part --- the pin rule accepts only same-view or verified-extension
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transitions, by construction --- and the semantic part supplied by
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$\mathsf{HIST}$: a position opened in two accepted views cannot change value
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without a collision. Clause (iii) is $\mathsf{FORK}$ completeness and frame
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resistance, scoped to $\chi$. Clause (iv) is Lemma~\ref{lem:policy}. The
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games are not a bespoke bar: they adapt the established two-transcript
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secure-logging notions~\cite{dghs} to replay attestation --- operator as
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first-class adversary, policy separation added --- rather than introducing a
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new style of security definition.
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resistance, scoped to $\chi$. Clause (iv) is Lemma~\ref{lem:policy}. The games adapt the established
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two-transcript secure-logging notions~\cite{dghs} to replay attestation ---
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operator as first-class adversary, policy separation added.
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\begin{remark}[What is mechanized, what is not]\label{rem:gamescope}
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The games are stated for the scheme's specified verifiers --- the recursive
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@ -1481,7 +1486,7 @@ Verification Pipeline with AI Provers: An Experience Report. arXiv:2605.30106,
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\toprule
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Consumer conclusion & Established by & Remaining assumption \\
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\midrule
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Leaf has an authentic, position-unique opening at index $m$ under head $h$ & inclusion proof and signed head & SHA-256 collision resistance; correct public key; EUF-CMA of the head signature \\
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Leaf has an authentic opening with a position-bound leaf value at index $m$ under head $h$ & inclusion proof and signed head & SHA-256 collision resistance; correct public key; EUF-CMA of the head signature \\
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Head root commits the published numbered leaf list & full-mirror recomputation (\code{verify.py --all}) & mirror availability and retention \\
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Head was authorized by the log identity & Ed25519 verification & correct key acquisition; EUF-CMA \\
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New pinned head extends old pinned head & consistency proof & SHA-256 collision resistance; recursive-model soundness; authentic size/root pairing for deployment \\
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@ -1510,6 +1515,7 @@ additionally relies on an unmechanized authentic-size/root invariant
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Its exclusions name SHA-256 collision resistance, deployed-verifier extensional
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equality, the signature/STH layer, and asymptotic cost claims.
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\clearpage
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\section{Compact receipt-verification core}\label{app:verifier}
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The following code is only the Merkle inclusion core. A complete receipt
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verifier must additionally validate the signed tree head, log identifier,
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@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ our roadmap.</strong> (The full walk-through is lecture 11 in the
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<h2>The paper</h2>
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<div class="card"><a href="{base}/paper"><strong>Accountable Distribution of Machine-Checked
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Correctness Evidence: A Transparency Model and the Lean Transparency Log</strong></a>
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(PDF, 22 pages, v0.8) — the trust decomposition (expensive verification produces an
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(PDF, 23 pages, v0.9) — the trust decomposition (expensive verification produces an
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observation; transparency makes the observation accountable; consumer-local policy decides
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acceptance), collision-extracting soundness for inclusion and consistency, scheme-level
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accountability GAMES with an explicit composition theorem (head authenticity, position
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