diff --git a/paper/ltl.pdf b/paper/ltl.pdf index 7a1eddd..019a538 100644 Binary files a/paper/ltl.pdf and b/paper/ltl.pdf differ diff --git a/paper/ltl.tex b/paper/ltl.tex index 113a72c..0eeca6d 100755 --- a/paper/ltl.tex +++ b/paper/ltl.tex @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ showstringspaces=false,breaklines=true,xleftmargin=.5em,xrightmargin=.5em} \large A Transparency Model and the Lean Transparency Log} \author{Olaf Horvath\\ \small Olaf.Horvath@zkdefi.org \quad ORCID 0009-0004-8008-5805} -\date{July 2026 \quad (v0.5)} +\date{July 2026 \quad (v0.6)} \begin{document} \maketitle @@ -382,14 +382,18 @@ enough for a third party to replay. Each goal below is formalized as a game in Section~\ref{sec:games}. \begin{description}[leftmargin=1.5em,itemsep=5pt] -\item[G1: Position-bound membership.] If a consumer accepts leaf $d$ at index -$m$ against signed head $(n,r)$, then $d$ occupies position $m$ in a leaf list -committed by $r$, except under hash collision or signature forgery. +\item[G1: Authentic position binding.] If a consumer accepts leaf $d$ at +index $m$ under signed head $(n,r)$: the head was issued by the key holder +except under signature forgery, and no leaf distinct from $d$ can also be +opened at position $m$ under that head except under hash collision. \item[G2: Local append-only history.] A consumer that persists $(n,r)$ accepts a later view only if it is the same view or a verified extension. Two valid -heads of equal size and unequal roots are transferable evidence that the key -holder signed incompatible views. Unequal-size forks require retained -history, gossip, or a witness. +heads of equal size and unequal roots, in one log context, are transferable +evidence that the key holder signed incompatible views. Unequal-size forks +require retained history, gossip, or a witness. The transition discipline +itself is syntactic, enforced by the pin rule by construction; the semantic +content --- an opened position cannot change value across accepted views --- +is a theorem (\S\ref{sec:games}). \item[G3: Policy separation.] The operator's positive label cannot make a certificate acceptable. The consumer recomputes boundary conformance from observations and local policy. Operator failure labels may be treated as a @@ -602,49 +606,84 @@ unmechanized authentic-size/root invariant. \subsection{Scheme-level games and a composition theorem}\label{sec:games} The theorems above bind single artifacts to a reference leaf list. This -subsection lifts them to the scheme: precise experiments for the accountability -clauses of Definition~2, and a theorem that the construction satisfies them. -Two modeling choices deserve emphasis. First, the replay operator \emph{is} the -adversary and legitimately holds the signing key, so the position-binding and -history games contain no secrets and no oracles; any adaptive interaction can -be replayed into a single output, and the games are therefore non-interactive ---- mirroring the deployment, in which receipt verification itself is -non-interactive. Signatures constrain a different party: the frame-resistance -game, in which a third party attempts to fabricate equivocation evidence -against a key holder who never equivocated. Second, SHA-256 is a fixed, -unkeyed function, so ``collision resistance'' cannot be a probability -statement over a key space; following the human-ignorance -treatment~\cite{rogaway}, every hash statement below is an \emph{explicit -reduction} --- a named algorithm transforming a winning transcript into a -concrete collision --- which is the scheme-level continuation of the corpus's -named-extractor discipline. +subsection lifts them to the scheme. Fix once, for the entire subsection, a +\emph{context} +\[\chi=(\text{log identifier},\ \text{schema and type tags},\ +\text{hash-algorithm identifier},\ pk);\] +every head below is required to encode $\chi$ in its canonical payload, +matching the deployed head format of \S4.2. +The results come in two deliberately separated levels. First, +\emph{collision-extractable accountability}: unconditional theorems whose +proofs are explicit algorithms turning any winning transcript into a concrete +SHA-256 collision, and reductions whose signature losses are exactly one +EUF-CMA forgery. Second, a \emph{security corollary}: SHA-256 is a fixed, +unkeyed function, so collision resistance cannot be a probability statement +over a key space; following the human-ignorance treatment~\cite{rogaway}, the +hardness premise is that no feasible collision finder for SHA-256 is known, +and the corollary states what the explicit reductions then rule out. (A +keyed-family restatement is routine and omitted.) Extractability does not by +itself assert hardness; the corollary is where hardness enters, and only +there. + +The position-binding and history games are non-interactive, and the right +reason is not merely that the operator-adversary holds the signing key: the +properties are universal statements over \emph{accepted transcripts}, +independent of how a transcript was obtained, so adaptive interaction with +any proof-issuing service can be collapsed into the adversary's final output. +Signatures constrain two different parties: an outsider forging an ordinary +head ($\mathsf{HEAD}$), and a third party fabricating equivocation evidence +($\mathsf{FORK}$); those two games have a secret and are stated with a +signing oracle and an advantage, defined as the probability, over the +challenger's key generation and the adversary's coins, that the adversary +wins. \paragraph{Accepted-artifact syntax.} -Fix the algorithms of Section~\ref{sec:construction}. A head $h=(n,r;\sigma)$ -carries the canonical signed payload of \S4.2; $\mathsf{Vf}_{pk}(h)=1$ iff its -signature verifies. An \emph{opening} of leaf $d$ at index $m$ under $(n,r)$ -is a path $P$ with $mk, +\end{cases} +\] +where in the second branch $(x,y)=\ConsRec(n_0,k,C,b,r)$ and $s$ is the next +value of $C$, and in the third branch $s$ is the next value of $C$ and +$(x,y)=\ConsRec(n_0{-}k,n{-}k,C,\bot,r)$. Both recursions' shapes are +determined by their integer arguments, not by the adversary, so two +computations at the same arguments traverse the same nodes and there are no +mismatched stopping points. + \begin{lemma}[Prefix transport]\label{lem:transport} -Suppose $n_0k$: the transcript consumed $s$ and the right sub-call +returned $(x_R,y_R)$, so $x=\hnode(s,x_R)$ and $y=\hnode(s,y_R)$. Because +$k (The full walk-through is lecture 11 in the

The paper

Accountable Distribution of Machine-Checked Correctness Evidence: A Transparency Model and the Lean Transparency Log -(PDF, 19 pages, v0.5) — the trust decomposition (expensive verification produces an +(PDF, 21 pages, v0.6) — the trust decomposition (expensive verification produces an observation; transparency makes the observation accountable; consumer-local policy decides acceptance), collision-extracting soundness for inclusion and consistency, scheme-level -accountability GAMES with an explicit composition theorem (position binding, history -binding, fork evidence — all discharged by named reductions), the policy boundary where +accountability GAMES with an explicit composition theorem (head authenticity, position +binding, history binding with a fully proved prefix-transport induction, context-scoped +fork evidence — all discharged by named reductions), the policy boundary where operator labels can veto but never grant acceptance, the live thirteen-leaf deployment whose entry 13 attests the accumulator's own mechanized model, and the measured model/deployment divergence (3,867 lied-size cases, every one accepted only by the