lean-transparency-log/verify.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Standalone verifier for the published Lean Transparency Log.

Pure Python 3 standard library for hashing and structure; Ed25519
signature checking shells out to the `openssl` binary. Verifies, from the
files in this repository alone:

  1. every entry's leaf hash,
  2. every historical Signed Tree Head against the recomputed prefix root
     (a split view or tampered entry fails here),
  3. every STH Ed25519 signature — and, where a head carries the ADDITIVE
     SLH-DSA-SHA2-128s signature (FIPS 205, heads from 2026-08 on), that
     too: a present-but-wrong post-quantum signature FAILS the run, a head
     without one is allowed, and an OpenSSL too old to check it (pre-3.5)
     is reported loudly as a degradation, never counted as verified,
  4. every published receipt under receipts/ (with --all), and any receipt
     supplied via --receipt FILE, as a FULL transparency receipt: type tag,
     STH signature, REQUIRED key fingerprint, log id, presence of its STH
     in the published history, REQUIRED leaf hash matching the named entry,
     tree-size agreement, and the inclusion proof. Binding fields are
     required, never compare-if-present.

FAIL-CLOSED: if signature checking is unavailable (no `openssl`, or the
public key is missing), the run FAILS — signatures are load-bearing and a
"couldn't check" is not a pass. Use --structural-only to explicitly ask
for hashes/structure without signatures (it prints, and exits, as a
reduced check, never as full verification).

Usage:
  python3 verify.py --all
  python3 verify.py --receipt receipts/dalek-ed25519-verified.receipt.json
  python3 verify.py --all --structural-only   # explicit reduced check
"""
import argparse
import base64
import hashlib
import json
import shutil
import subprocess
import sys
import tempfile
from pathlib import Path

HERE = Path(__file__).resolve().parent


def leaf_hash(data: bytes) -> bytes:
    return hashlib.sha256(b"\x00" + data).digest()


def node_hash(left: bytes, right: bytes) -> bytes:
    return hashlib.sha256(b"\x01" + left + right).digest()


def merkle_root(leaves):
    if not leaves:
        return hashlib.sha256(b"").digest()
    if len(leaves) == 1:
        return leaf_hash(leaves[0])
    split = 1 << ((len(leaves) - 1).bit_length() - 1)
    return node_hash(merkle_root(leaves[:split]), merkle_root(leaves[split:]))


def verify_inclusion(leaf: bytes, index: int, size: int, proof, root: bytes) -> bool:
    if index >= size:
        return False
    fn, sn = index, size - 1
    node = leaf_hash(leaf)
    for sibling in proof:
        if sn == 0:
            return False
        if fn % 2 == 1 or fn == sn:
            node = node_hash(sibling, node)
            if fn % 2 == 0:
                while fn % 2 == 0 and fn != 0:
                    fn //= 2
                    sn //= 2
        else:
            node = node_hash(node, sibling)
        fn //= 2
        sn //= 2
    return sn == 0 and node == root


def canonical_json(document) -> bytes:
    return json.dumps(document, sort_keys=True, separators=(",", ":"), ensure_ascii=False).encode("utf-8")


def load_leaves():
    leaves, problems = [], []
    for position, path in enumerate(sorted((HERE / "entries").glob("[0-9]*.json"))):
        record = json.loads(path.read_text())
        data = canonical_json(record["leaf"])
        if record.get("index") != position:
            problems.append(f"{path.name}: index {record.get('index')} at position {position}")
        if leaf_hash(data).hex() != record.get("leaf_hash"):
            problems.append(f"{path.name}: leaf_hash mismatch (tampered entry)")
        leaves.append(data)
    return leaves, problems


def signatures_available() -> bool:
    return bool(shutil.which("openssl")) and (HERE / "provider.ed25519.pub").exists()


def key_fingerprint() -> str:
    return hashlib.sha256((HERE / "provider.ed25519.pub").read_bytes()).hexdigest()


def check_sth_signature(head) -> str:
    """VALID / INVALID / UNAVAILABLE. UNAVAILABLE is a FAILURE at the
    caller unless the run is explicitly --structural-only."""
    openssl = shutil.which("openssl")
    key = HERE / "provider.ed25519.pub"
    if not openssl or not key.exists():
        return "UNAVAILABLE"
    signatures = head.get("signatures") or {}
    ed = signatures.get("ed25519") or {}
    payload = canonical_json({k: v for k, v in head.items() if k != "signatures"})
    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp:
        payload_path = Path(tmp) / "p"
        signature_path = Path(tmp) / "s"
        payload_path.write_bytes(payload)
        signature_path.write_bytes(base64.b64decode(ed.get("signature_base64", "")))
        result = subprocess.run(
            [openssl, "pkeyutl", "-verify", "-pubin", "-inkey", str(key), "-rawin",
             "-in", str(payload_path), "-sigfile", str(signature_path)],
            capture_output=True,
        )
    return "VALID" if result.returncode == 0 else "INVALID"


def check_slh_dsa_signature(head):
    """ADDITIVE post-quantum check (SLH-DSA-SHA2-128s, FIPS 205).

    Returns (status, hard_failure). Ed25519 remains the REQUIRED signature;
    this one is verified when the head carries it and the local OpenSSL
    (>= 3.5) can check it. The distinctions matter:
      ABSENT    - head predates the second signature. Allowed: additive.
      VALID     - verified against provider.slhdsa.pub.
      INVALID   - present and WRONG. Hard failure - a bad signature is never
                  a degradation.
      WRONG-KEY - the head names a different key than the mirror ships.
                  Hard failure.
      NO-PUBKEY - the head claims the signature but the mirror ships no
                  provider.slhdsa.pub. Broken publication: hard failure.
      TOOLING   - this OpenSSL cannot read SLH-DSA keys (pre-3.5). Honest
                  degradation: reported loudly, never counted as verified,
                  never failed - the required Ed25519 check still gates.
    """
    slh = (head.get("signatures") or {}).get("slh_dsa") or {}
    if slh.get("status") != "signed":
        return "ABSENT", False
    key = HERE / "provider.slhdsa.pub"
    openssl = shutil.which("openssl")
    if not openssl:
        return "TOOLING", False
    if not key.exists():
        return "NO-PUBKEY", True
    fp = slh.get("public_key_fingerprint_sha256")
    if fp and fp != hashlib.sha256(key.read_bytes()).hexdigest():
        return "WRONG-KEY", True
    probe = subprocess.run([openssl, "pkey", "-pubin", "-in", str(key), "-noout"],
                           capture_output=True)
    if probe.returncode != 0:
        return "TOOLING", False
    payload = canonical_json({k: v for k, v in head.items() if k != "signatures"})
    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp:
        payload_path = Path(tmp) / "p"
        signature_path = Path(tmp) / "s"
        payload_path.write_bytes(payload)
        try:
            signature_path.write_bytes(base64.b64decode(slh.get("signature_base64", "")))
        except Exception:
            return "INVALID", True
        result = subprocess.run(
            [openssl, "pkeyutl", "-verify", "-pubin", "-inkey", str(key), "-rawin",
             "-in", str(payload_path), "-sigfile", str(signature_path)],
            capture_output=True,
        )
    return ("VALID", False) if result.returncode == 0 else ("INVALID", True)


RECEIPT_TYPE = "pacta.transparency.receipt.v1"


def verify_receipt(receipt, heads, structural_only: bool, label: str):
    """Full binding checks for one receipt. Every binding field is REQUIRED;
    a missing field is a failure, never a skip. Returns failure strings."""
    problems = []
    if receipt.get("type") != RECEIPT_TYPE:
        problems.append(f"{label}: type is {receipt.get('type')!r}, expected {RECEIPT_TYPE!r}")
    sth = receipt.get("sth") or {}
    if sth.get("hash_algorithm") != "RFC9162_SHA256":
        problems.append(f"{label}: STH hash_algorithm is not RFC9162_SHA256")
    if receipt.get("hash_algorithm") != "RFC9162_SHA256":
        problems.append(f"{label}: receipt hash_algorithm is not RFC9162_SHA256")
    if receipt.get("log_id") != sth.get("log_id"):
        problems.append(f"{label}: receipt log_id != its STH log_id")
    try:
        index = int(receipt.get("leaf_index"))
    except (TypeError, ValueError):
        index = -1
    entry_path = HERE / "entries" / f"{index:06d}.json" if index >= 0 else None
    if entry_path is None or not entry_path.exists():
        problems.append(f"{label}: leaf_index {receipt.get('leaf_index')!r} names no published entry")
        return problems
    entry = json.loads(entry_path.read_text())
    leaf_bytes = canonical_json(entry["leaf"])
    # (a) the receipt's STH must be signed by THIS log's key ...
    rsig = check_sth_signature(sth)
    if rsig == "INVALID" or (rsig == "UNAVAILABLE" and not structural_only):
        problems.append(f"{label}: STH signature {rsig}")
    # (b) ... the named key fingerprint is REQUIRED and must be this key ...
    fp = (sth.get("signatures", {}).get("ed25519", {}) or {}).get("public_key_fingerprint_sha256")
    if not fp:
        problems.append(f"{label}: STH lacks public_key_fingerprint_sha256 (required)")
    elif (HERE / "provider.ed25519.pub").exists() and fp != key_fingerprint():
        problems.append(f"{label}: STH signed by a different key than provider.ed25519.pub")
    # (c) ... its log_id must be present and match the log ...
    meta_path = HERE / "log-metadata.json"
    if meta_path.exists():
        meta_log_id = json.loads(meta_path.read_text()).get("log_id")
        if meta_log_id and sth.get("log_id") != meta_log_id:
            problems.append(f"{label}: STH log_id missing or not this log's")
    # (d) ... the receipt's STH must appear in the published history ...
    if heads and canonical_json(sth) not in {canonical_json(h) for h in heads}:
        problems.append(f"{label}: STH not present in sth-history.jsonl")
    # (e) ... the leaf_hash is REQUIRED and must match the named entry ...
    if not receipt.get("leaf_hash"):
        problems.append(f"{label}: leaf_hash missing (required)")
    elif receipt["leaf_hash"] != leaf_hash(leaf_bytes).hex():
        problems.append(f"{label}: leaf_hash does not match the named entry")
    # (f) ... tree_size agreement ...
    try:
        size_agree = int(receipt.get("tree_size")) == int(sth.get("tree_size"))
    except (TypeError, ValueError):
        size_agree = False
    if not size_agree:
        problems.append(f"{label}: tree_size != its STH tree_size")
    # (g) ... and finally the inclusion proof itself.
    try:
        ok = verify_inclusion(
            leaf_bytes, index, int(receipt.get("tree_size") or 0),
            [bytes.fromhex(h) for h in receipt.get("inclusion_proof") or []],
            bytes.fromhex(sth.get("root_hash") or ""),
        )
    except (TypeError, ValueError):
        ok = False
    if not ok:
        problems.append(f"{label}: inclusion proof INVALID")
    print(f"receipt {label}: leaf {index} of {receipt.get('tree_size')} "
          f"STH-sig:{rsig} bindings+inclusion:{'OK' if not problems else 'FAIL'}")
    return problems


def main() -> int:
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument("--all", action="store_true")
    parser.add_argument("--receipt")
    parser.add_argument("--structural-only", action="store_true",
                        help="skip Ed25519 signature checks explicitly; the run reports a "
                             "REDUCED check and can never print full verification.")
    args = parser.parse_args()

    sigs_ok = signatures_available()
    if not args.structural_only and not sigs_ok:
        # Fail closed: a verifier that cannot check signatures must not
        # imply it did. Do not silently continue.
        print("FATAL: signature checking unavailable (need the `openssl` binary and "
              "provider.ed25519.pub). Install openssl / fetch the key, or pass "
              "--structural-only to run an explicit hashes-and-structure check.")
        return 2

    leaves, problems = load_leaves()
    print(f"entries: {len(leaves)}")
    failures = list(problems)
    for problem in problems:
        print("PROBLEM:", problem)

    history_path = HERE / "sth-history.jsonl"
    heads = [json.loads(line) for line in history_path.read_text().splitlines() if line.strip()] if history_path.exists() else []

    if args.all or not args.receipt:
        # log-wide checks (GPT §4.3): history internally consistent AND the
        # published latest-sth.json is exactly the final history head.
        previous = -1
        log_id = None
        slh_tooling_seen = False
        for position, head in enumerate(heads):
            size = int(head["tree_size"])
            if size > len(leaves):
                failures.append(f"STH #{position} claims size {size} > {len(leaves)} leaves")
            expected = merkle_root(leaves[:size]).hex()
            structural = "OK" if head["root_hash"] == expected and size >= previous else "MISMATCH"
            if structural != "OK":
                failures.append(f"STH #{position} prefix-root/monotonicity")
            if log_id is None:
                log_id = head.get("log_id")
            elif head.get("log_id") != log_id:
                failures.append(f"STH #{position} log_id changed mid-history")
            signature = check_sth_signature(head)
            if signature == "INVALID" or (signature == "UNAVAILABLE" and not args.structural_only):
                failures.append(f"STH #{position} signature {signature}")
            if args.structural_only:
                slh = "SKIPPED"
            else:
                slh, slh_hard = check_slh_dsa_signature(head)
                if slh_hard:
                    failures.append(f"STH #{position} slh_dsa {slh}")
                if slh == "TOOLING":
                    slh_tooling_seen = True
            print(f"STH #{position} size={size} root={head['root_hash'][:16]}… prefix-root:{structural} signature:{signature} slh_dsa:{slh}")
            previous = max(previous, size)
        if slh_tooling_seen:
            print("NOTE: this log carries an ADDITIVE SLH-DSA (FIPS 205) signature that "
                  "your OpenSSL cannot check (needs >= 3.5). The required Ed25519 checks "
                  "above still gate this result; the post-quantum signature was NOT verified.")
        latest_path = HERE / "latest-sth.json"
        if latest_path.exists() and heads:
            latest = json.loads(latest_path.read_text())
            if canonical_json(latest) != canonical_json(heads[-1]):
                failures.append("latest-sth.json is not the final sth-history head")
            elif int(latest["tree_size"]) != len(leaves):
                failures.append(f"latest-sth tree_size {latest['tree_size']} != {len(leaves)} leaves")
            else:
                print(f"latest-sth: size {latest['tree_size']} == leaf count, and == final history head  OK")
        for receipt_path in sorted((HERE / "receipts").glob("*.receipt.json")):
            failures += verify_receipt(json.loads(receipt_path.read_text()),
                                       heads, args.structural_only, receipt_path.name)

    if args.receipt:
        failures += verify_receipt(json.loads(Path(args.receipt).read_text()),
                                   heads, args.structural_only, Path(args.receipt).name)

    mode = "REDUCED (structural only, signatures NOT checked)" if args.structural_only else "full"
    if failures:
        print(f"RESULT: FAILED ({len(failures)} problems) [{mode}]")
        return 1
    print(f"RESULT: OK [{mode}]"
          + ("" if not args.structural_only else " — signatures were NOT verified; this is not full verification"))
    return 0


if __name__ == "__main__":
    sys.exit(main())